Q1. Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for logical addressing and path determination?

Q2. In the TCP/IP networking model, which single layer provides the functions covered by the OSI Session, Presentation, and Application layers (Layers 5-7)?

Q3. What is the result when the payload of an Ethernet frame is smaller than the 46-byte minimum?

Q4. Which IPv4 header field identifies the encapsulated Layer 4 protocol, and which value indicates TCP?

Q5. Which summary route most efficiently covers exactly the four networks 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, and 192.168.3.0/24?

Q6. How does TCP ensure that segments arriving out of order are reassembled correctly at the destination?

Q7. Which directly connected device pair requires a crossover cable because both devices transmit on the same pin pairs?

Q8. A switch receives a frame whose destination MAC address is not yet in its MAC address table. How does the switch handle the frame?

Q9. In which VTP mode does a switch create, modify, and delete VLANs locally and forward VTP advertisements received on trunks, while neither originating its own advertisements nor synchronizing its VLAN database from them?

Q10. What is the result when a PortFast-enabled port protected by BPDU Guard receives a BPDU?

Q11. Several APs are configured with the same SSID and joined by a distribution system to provide seamless roaming across a large area. What is this collection of APs called?

Q12. What is the BSSID in a wireless network?

Q13. R1 currently learns a default route via OSPF from its primary ISP link. An engineer must add a static default route through a backup ISP at next hop 198.51.100.2 that is used only if the OSPF-learned default route is lost. Which command accomplishes this?

Q14. What is the default OSPF hello interval on a broadcast (Ethernet) network type?

Q15. Which command displays OSPF neighbor adjacencies along with their current states?

Q16. Two routers participate in HSRP group 1. R1 is configured with priority 110 and R2 with priority 100, but R2 is currently the Active router because it booted first. Which configuration on R1 makes it take over as the Active router automatically?

Q17. Which command configures a static IPv6 route to 2001:db8:2::/64 using a global unicast next-hop address?

Q18. An organization has been allocated a single public IPv4 address on its router's outside interface. The engineer must configure NAT so that all hosts in the 192.168.10.0/24 inside network can simultaneously reach the Internet using that one address. Which NAT type meets this requirement?

Q19. Within an IOS DHCP pool, which command specifies the default gateway that clients will receive?

Q20. Which statement correctly compares QoS marking using DSCP versus CoS?

Q21. An engineer must enable port security on a switch access interface before adding sticky MAC and violation settings. Which command accomplishes this task?

Q22. Which number ranges are valid for a numbered standard IPv4 ACL?

Q23. An engineer enables port security on an access interface with only the command switchport port-security, leaving all other port-security settings at their defaults. How many secure MAC addresses can the interface learn before any additional source MAC address causes a violation?

Q24. Which data-serialization format represents data as key-value pairs enclosed in braces and is commonly returned by REST APIs?

Q25. Which HTTP status code class indicates a server error, meaning the server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request?